Journal of Natural Science Review

Influence of Silicon Application Timing on the Performance of Rice Under Limited Water Supply

Hayatullah — 2024-11-23

The beneficial impact of Silicon (Si) in mitigating diverse abiotic stresses, such as drought stress, has been extensively recorded across various crops. A pot experiment was conducted at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, to evaluate the performance of a popular Thai rice variety (RD57) commonly cultivated in Thailand's central plains under three soil moisture levels as affected by five Si application timings. Si was added to the soil at 300 kg Si ha^–1. Reduced water supply (75% field capacity [FC] and 50% FC) caused lengthening of the growth period with reduced yield and its components. Si application resulted in an enhanced root and shoot growth irrespective of application timings, compared with the control. However, Si application with split doses of 25% at basal, 50% at panicle initiation (PI), and 25% at the heading stage was found to be the most effective. Even under severe water stress, more root growth and panicle numbers were found during this application timing. Si absorption was also found more for all application timings than the control; however, the same application timing resulted in the highest absorption (8.62%). A strong positive correlation was observed between Si uptake and grain and straw yield under all moisture-deficient conditions. Si application can be recommended in split doses for rice cultivation under a limited water supply.

Climate Change, Government Agricultural Expenditure, and Agricultural Growth Nexus in Afghanistan: An Investigation with FMOLS and DOLS Approaches

Waheedullah Hemat — 2024-11-23

Agriculture is one of the main providers to Afghanistan’s economy. Since 2002, the government, in collaboration with donor organizations and the private sector, has undertaken various projects in the agricultural industry. However, a notable upsurge in atmospheric CO2 emissions has resulted in significant climate change influences in contemporary decades. Therefore, this article examines the causal association between climate change, government agricultural expenditure, and agricultural growth in Afghanistan from 2002 to 2020. Despite evidence that climate change may be a primary driver of Afghanistan’s agricultural production decline, no specific studies have addressed this matter comprehensively. This article’s empirical investigation reveals a negative association between CO2 emissions and agricultural production, indicating that rising emissions are linked to decreased agricultural output, subsequently impacting Afghanistan’s agricultural growth. Both theoretical considerations and empirical findings highlight the importance of adopting clean and green energy solutions and technologies to mitigate pollution in Afghanistan. Furthermore, the research underscores that the impacts of carbon dioxide emissions on agriculture production exhibit robust long-term dynamics, contributing to the heterogeneity of the findings. Additionally, the study establishes a positive correlation between government agricultural expenditure and agricultural production. Consequently, it is strongly recommended that the Afghan government take proactive initiatives to enhance the agricultural sector. This can be accomplished by allocating more financial resources and implementing projects that promise long-term benefits for the country’s agricultural development.

Effect of Different Nitrogen Rates and Plant Densities on Corn Growth, Yield, and Weed Composition in Laghman Province

Obaidurahman Zahid — 2024-11-23

Applying sufficient nitrogen is a key factor for plant growth and yield development. A field study was conducted in 2022 at the research farm of the Agriculture Faculty, Laghman University, to assess the effects of two planting densities, D1 (75 cm x 20 cm) and D2 (65 cm x 20 cm), and four nitrogen rates, N1 (120 kg N/ha), N2 (140 kg N/ha), N3 (160 kg N/ha), and N4 (180 kg N/ha), on the growth and yield parameters of the corn variety GWG888, as well as on weed composition. Results showed that both nitrogen rates and planting densities significantly affected corn growth, yield, and weed composition. Plant height, leaf count, cob count, cob length, and dry matter yield were maximized with a nitrogen rate of 160 kg N/ha (N3). Meanwhile, the highest weed species diversity and population were observed at 180 kg N/ha (N4). The higher planting density (65 cm x 20 cm) reduced plant height and leaf number but significantly increased dry matter yield. These findings suggest that the optimal nitrogen rate for improved corn growth and yield in Laghman Province is 160 kg N/ha with a planting density of 75 cm x 20 cm.

Evaluating the Yield Performance of Eight Cotton Improved Varieties with Two Local in the Agro-Ecological Zone Western, Kandahar

Noor Mohammad Ahmadi — 2024-11-23

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a crucial crop that produces fluffy fiber essential for the global textile industry. Cottonseed is also a valuable raw material for oil and feed industries due to its high protein content. This study compared nine varieties (Namken, Agosta, N726, Turkish, CD-401, Acala 151799, Blanka, Paloma, and Acala 1517-75) with two local standard cultivars (F-108 and Acala) to identify highly adaptable and sustainable varieties for regional and global markets based on yield performance. The trial was conducted in 2018 at the Kokaron research farm in Kandahar, a semi-arid region. The experiment was established by ARIA using a randomized complete block design with four replications, with each plot measuring 12 m². Results revealed that Agosta produced the highest cottonseed yield, followed by Namken. Furthermore, Agosta achieved the highest total yield, with Namken, Blanka, Paloma, and N726 following in descending order among all tested varieties. Fiber length varied significantly among all varieties under investigation. In conclusion, eight varieties (Agosta, Namken, Blanka, Paloma, N726, Turkish, Acala 151799, and CD-401) demonstrated higher economic production compared to the regional standard varieties, with Agosta emerging as the most promising variety for the research area.

Self-Sufficiency Strategies of Extension Workers to Protect Citrus Fruits from Fruit Flies in Bati Kot District, Nangarhar-Afghanistan

Muhammad Zafarullah Khan — 2024-11-23

Fruit flies are a severe pest for citrus fruits, attracted to the scent of citrus and often carrying bacteria, including salmonella, E. coli, and listeria, from one location to another. Salmonella, for example, affects about 40,000 people annually in the USA through contaminated food. While some species of fruit flies can damage citrus fruits, others play a role as pollinators. This study aimed to analyze self-sufficiency strategies extension workers use to protect citrus (sweet orange) from fruit flies in Nangarhar. One hundred twenty respondents from District Bati Kot were selected from a population of 200 using a pre-tested interview schedule. Results indicated that 32% of the growers were aged 40-50, and 55% were illiterate. Among the growers, 33% sought help from the extension department for pest and disease issues, while 17% contacted it for weed control. Only a limited number of growers installed traps in April, and 32% knew which months fruit flies were most active, with 74% identifying June and 26% indicating May. Half the growers used pesticides, while 22% disposed of infected fruits through burial, followed by pheromone traps and cultural practices. A majority (86.5%) were aware of improved citrus varieties, and extension workers were the primary information source for 41% of the respondents. A highly significant association was observed between the average citrus yield and the skills of extension workers in protective measures, as well as between the growers' ages and average yield. The study recommends that extension workers make regular orchard visits to educate citrus producers on fruit fly control, such as mixing a quarter cup of apple cider or white vinegar with a few drops of dish soap. This mixture, which attracts fruit flies and then drowns them by breaking the vinegar's surface tension, is an affordable and effective method. Additionally, extension workers should receive training in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and other control measures to improve the socio-economic conditions and promote self-sufficiency in sweet orange production.

Effects of Elevated CO2 on Rice Harvest Components

Mohammad Sadiq Salihi — 2024-11-23

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has long been a staple food for people across various nations, particularly in Asia. Climate change and rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels now have diverse impacts on crop performance worldwide. Since CO₂ is a key factor in photosynthesis, it enhances productivity and yield. This study investigated the effects of elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) on rice yield improvement. Using a novel approach, rice seedlings were only exposed to high CO₂ levels during the early vegetative stage. The treatments included eCO₂ (600 to 800 µmol mol⁻¹), ambient CO₂ [aCO₂ (410-415 µmol mol⁻¹)], and a control under field conditions. Following treatment with eCO₂, the seedlings were transplanted into a rain shelter in a two-factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results showed that tiller number per plant, panicle number per plant, and panicle length increased by 18.38%, 20.96%, and 14.15%, respectively, with eCO₂. Additionally, filled grain per panicle and grain yield increased by 15.30% and 47.48%, respectively. In conclusion, eCO₂ treatment significantly improved rice yield components during the seedling stage. Applying eCO₂ sustainably could increase rice yield, supporting Afghanistan in achieving rice self-sufficiency in the future. Temporary eCO₂ treatment on rice seedlings may enhance rice production, improving farmers' incomes and living standards.

Innovative Approaches for Afghanistan's Agricultural Water Management

Hezbullah Rahmani — 2024-11-23

Due to the difficulties of water shortages and climate change, innovative water management solutions in agriculture are essential for food security, environmental sustainability, and economic viability. This study addresses several innovative techniques for agricultural water management in Afghanistan, considering specific issues in the region. Afghanistan's dependency on imported food reveals the ineffectiveness of the irrigation system, as well as a lack of new agricultural technologies and infrastructure. This study was conducted at the Paktika Higher Education Institute to analyze key irrigation challenges and provide innovative approaches to water management in Afghanistan's agriculture. Sixty-nine agricultural faculty students participated in the study. The primary data for this quantitative descriptive study were collected through questionnaires. SPSS version 24 was used to analyze the data. The analytical methods used were frequency and percentage. According to the findings, the key problems were drought, lack of a plan for managing water in agriculture, failure to apply water management regulations, lack of modern irrigation systems, and farmers' lack of knowledge regarding crop water requirements. Water management in Afghanistan's agriculture can be enhanced by precision agriculture, rainwater collection, the reuse of treated wastewater, conservation tillage, crop rotation, cover crops, smart irrigation, and drip and sprinkler irrigation systems.

BJRI Mesta 4: A Newly Released Improved Vegetable Mesta Variety of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.

Al- Mamun — 2024-11-23

Vegetable mesta, or roselle, is a common species in many countries for confectioneries and a good source of nutrients and antioxidants. BJRI Mesta 4 is a nutrient-rich, climate-smart, and widely adaptable vegetable Mesta cultivar developed by the Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI) and released by the National Seed Board (NSB) in 2022. To explore the superiority of the new variety, a study was conducted on yield and yield components using multivariate analysis over two planting seasons compared with the well-known variety BJRI Mesta 2. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.01 or 0.05) were recorded among the qualitative and quantitative traits. In multi-location Trials during 2018 and 2019, the average yield of leaf, fruit, and calyx of BJRI Mesta 4 was found to be 7.25%, 11.51%, and 10.49% higher in BJRI regional stations, respectively, compared to the check variety. Plant height, branches per plant, fruit yield, and leaf yield were considered when selecting vegetable mesta types with appropriate yields. However, based on yield capacity, adaptability, and nutraceutical properties, the newly released cultivar BJRI Mesta 4 can be recommended and promoted to the herbal food product industry in addition to being a substitute for leafy vegetables. With these views kept in mind, the study conducted now may help create trustworthy selection criteria for programs to improve vegetable mesta breeding in the future.

Role of Household Agro-Industries on Enhancement of Household Food Security in Afghanistan

Ali Reza Behzad — 2024-11-23

Food security has been being the most important goal of United Nations under Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and sustainable development goals (SDGs) since 1992. Household food insecurity is an acute challenge of developing countries including Afghanistan. Agro-industrial institutions can play a vital role to alleviate food insecurity. Household agro-industry has close relationship with household food insecurity. This study aims to find the relationship between agro-industry, especially household agro-industry with household food insecurity in Afghanistan. Three districts and the center of Kandahar City have been selected for the study. Non-probability sampling methods specifically convenience random sampling has been applied with a sample size of 300. Primary data has been collected via questionnaire and survey conducted by four trained fourth-year university students. For analysis SPSS version 26 has been used. This study revealed that about 56% vulnerable people are women and 33% children. Result of research showed that 54, 66% respondents supply their processed and conserved food from household industry. Study indicated that 54% agro-industrial products utilize in winter and there is positive relationship between agro-industry and food security. This study found that those family who process and dry fruits, vegetable and dairy are lesser fragile than those who do not. Study recommend for alleviation of poverty and food insecurity encouragement of household industry is an applicable solution way for those household who have garden and a small dairy farm.

Development of Blended RTS (Ready to Serve) Drink from Pomegranate and Plum Fruits

Abdullah Masoumi — 2024-11-23

Fruit drinks which known as functional food is required for healthy life and also, they diversify the consumer choice. Pomegranate and plum juice could be blended for production of nutritious RTS (ready to serve) drinks. The present study was done to develop blended RTS drinks from pomegranate and plum juice. The fruits were blended in 10 varying ratios, totaling 20 percent total volume plum and pomegranate juice with and without kokum water with sugar added to 13-degree brix. The developed product was tested for biochemical and sensory properties. The range of pH and titratable acidity were 3.29 to 3.46 and 0.22 to 0.51, respectively. The blend with 20 per cent plum juice with 80 per cent kokum water had the most antioxidant and ascorbic acid content. The 10:10 per cent of pomegranate and plum juice blend with 80 per cent kokum water was the most acceptable by sensory panel with average score of 8.21 on a 9-point hedonic scale. We concluded that the 10:10 pomegranate and plum juice blend with kokum water RTS drink could be commercialized as a nutritious drink.

Analysis of Agromorphological Characteristics, Nutritional Values and Phytochemical Constituents of Two Fonio Species in Gombe State, Nigeria towards the Enhancement of Afghanistan National Food Security

Shu’aibu Isa — 2024-11-23

Fonio is a traditional African cereal grain that is poorly studied, as revealed in the literature. It has the potential to contribute significantly to whole grain diets, wellness, economic status improvement, and play an important role in food security in developing economies. A comprehensive study compared the agromorphological characteristics and nutritional values of Digitaria exilis and Digitaria iburua (black and white fonio, respectively), both of West African origin. The parameters measured for morphological and physiological screening included the number of leaves, leaf area, number of tillers, number of spikes, spike length, number of seeds per spikelet, days to flowering, and thousand-seed weight. Nutritional values were determined, such as crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, carbohydrate, moisture, and ash content. Minerals, including sodium and potassium, were measured using flame photometry, while zinc, iron, and calcium were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out to assess the presence and quantities of bioactive compounds in the grains using methanol as the solvent for extraction. The results revealed that black fonio had the highest number of leaves (19), a shorter lifecycle (56 days to flowering), and a higher number of seeds with greater weight (0.84g). They were found to be more nutritious than white fonio in terms of proximate composition: moisture (3.81%), ash (1.69%), crude protein (12.3%), ether extract (2.81%), crude fiber (1.37%), carbohydrate (77.97%), and mineral composition. Additionally, black fonio contains many bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and glycosides in all plant parts. At the same time, alkaloids and anthraquinones were present only in its roots. Black fonio (Digitaria iburua) is, therefore, suggested as a viable candidate for breeding programs aimed at crop and yield improvement and.

Climate-Smart Agriculture: A Path to Sustainable Food Production

Nuzhat Khan — 2024-11-23

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an integrated approach to farming that focuses on increasing agricultural productivity, enhancing resilience to climate change, and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while ensuring sustainability and food security. This systematic literature review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines explores the key role of CSA in addressing the challenges of climate change within the context of global food production. It investigates the impacts of climate change on agriculture, emphasizing disruptions to weather patterns, extreme events, and the consequent threats to food security. The paper discusses the core principles of CSA, highlighting sustainable intensification, climate resilience, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions after an in-depth analysis of 20 articles selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. Moreover, a range of CSA practices and technologies is evaluated with a specific emphasis on research conducted over the past five years. In addition, insights into the potential of CSA practices are provided to enhance agricultural productivity while maintaining environmental sustainability. Case studies from diverse regions demonstrating the practical benefits of CSA are also included in the review. Furthermore, the paper addresses policy support and existing challenges in promoting CSA, as reported during 2018-2023. Finally, it emphasizes the need for future advancements and interdisciplinary collaboration to mitigate the negative impact of climate change on global food security. This comprehensive study lays the foundation for implementing a sustainable and resilient framework by transforming conventional agriculture into CSA.

Nutritional and Bioactive Compounds of Bok-choy: Beneficial Effects on Human Health

Emal Nasiri — 2024-11-23

Bok-choy is a green leafy vegetable packed with impressive health benefits. Bok choy is rich in many nutritious, such as vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber, as well as non-nutritive bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, total glucosinolates, anthocyanins, kaempferol, and quercetin. These bioactive compounds protect chronic diseases, such as inflammation, cancer, Alzheimer's, cardiovascular disease, and other diseases. Bok chow is the best source of nutritional and non-nutrient compounds and should be taken as a part of the diet regularly.

de Nova Whole Genome Sequencing of Marssonina Juglandis Causing Walnut (Juglandis Regia L.) Anthracnose and Development of PCR-Based Diagnosis Using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers

Aswathy Sanjeev — 2024-11-23

Walnut anthracnose, caused by Marssonina juglandis, is one of the economically important diseases of walnuts worldwide. The pathogen is a filamentous fungus belonging to the class Leotiomycetes. In this study, we isolated and purified the Marssonina juglandis from walnut leaves collected from the walnut orchard of SKUAST-Kashmir. The whole genome of the pathogen was sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq NGS platform. The whole genome of the pathogen was found to be 63.6354 Mb in size with 1916 scaffolds, 12086 genes, 205 total tRNAs, and 6884 SSRs containing 5861 SSRs with 150 flanking regions. A phylogenetic analysis using whole-genome alignment revealed that Marssonina juglandis is closely related to Cryphonectria parasitica and Coniella lustricola. The BlastP analysis using Uniprot, Pfam, and KOG showed 7612, 5515, and 5163 protein hits out of 12086 proteins. The total number of genes responsible for biological processes, molecular function, and cellular components were 1583, 1429, and 1843, respectively. In the Venn diagram, 3912 genes were found to be common in all three software, namely Uniprot, Pfam, and KOG including NR. In addition, we developed the SSR markers based on the whole genome and standardized them against 25 isolates of the Marssonina juglandis collected, isolated, and purified from the walnut-infected leaves in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Out of 30 randomly selected SSRs, 17 SSRs showed successful PCR amplification in 25 pathogen isolates that were found to be highly polymorphic. Further, a PCR-based detection protocol using SSR markers was also developed for early detection of the disease in the field for timely management. We found two primers that could successfully amplify the pathogen in DNA extracted directly from the infected walnut leaves.

Studies on Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi in Stored Maize (Zea mays L.) and the Use of Bentonite Clay in Reducing their Toxin Levels

Ahmadu Umaru — 2024-11-23

Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus fungi that are both toxic and carcinogenic to animals and humans; however, studies on their removal by natural substances have had great success, and bentonite was seen as a possible remedy in this aspect. The study on aflatoxin-producing fungi in stored Maize (Zea mays L.) was conducted on stored maize collected from Muna Market, Maiduguri, based on their year of harvest (2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018). Out of which a total of 49 isolates consisting of Aspergillus spp, Talaromyces islandicus, and Scopulariopsis candida were obtained, these include Aspergillus niger 38.78%, A. flavus 12.24%, A. oryzae 12.24%, A. fumigatus 10.20%, A. parvisclerotigenus 6.12%, A. aflatoxiformans 4.08%, Scopulariopsis candida 14.29%, and Talaromyces islandicus 2.04%. The molecular assay confirms the identity of the isolates amplified using universal ITS primers with 100% query and identity, except sample A (A. aflatoxiformans 087-A2) has 99.62% identity compared with NCBI library. The total aflatoxin profile of the stored maize collected for the 2015 harvest year was 100 ppb before treatment and reduced to 2.2 ppb after treatment. In contrast, the 2016 maize sample, which had 1.8 ppb before treatment, reduced to 1.7 ppb; the 2017 sample had 1.9 ppb reduced to 0.9 ppb; and 2018 had 3 ppb before treatment reduced to 0.3 ppb after treatment; the AfB1 profiles depict that 2015 maize sample had 60 ppb before treatment and reduced to 1ppb after treatment. The 2016 maize sample had one ppb reduced to 0.9 ppb, whereas the 2017 sample had 1 ppb and reduced to 0.6 ppb, and 2018 had 2 ppb and detoxified to 0 ppb after treatment. The Bentonite clay used was found to reduce the toxin levels of the stored maize.

Roadmap for Integrated Pest Management in Afghanistan

Abdul Saleem Jamily — 2024-11-23

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable, science-based decision-making process broadly implemented in agriculture to identify and reduce risks from plant pests and their management-related strategies. In the IPM roadmap program, along with identifying strategic directions for research, implementation activities are essential to realize the full benefits of IPM adaptation. International markets demand high-quality agricultural products without pesticide residues or low Maximum Residue Limits (MRL). Meeting these market demands poses a challenge for growers, given the rise in production costs and the concurrent decline or instability in commodity prices. As the country’s preferred method of tackling crop protection issues, the government has not adopted IPM as a national policy. The Roadmap for the IPM program identifies strategic directions for research, implementation, and measurement activities needed to realize the full benefits of IPM adoption. Their information and views on IPM approaches were collected through consultation with Afghan stakeholders. Based on these views and the facts stated above, this Roadmap has been developed for the country’s agriculture sector.

Exploring the Multi-dimensional Impact of Insects on the Green Revolution

Abdul Hamid Nazari — 2024-11-23

The Green Revolution marks a significant era of agricultural advancement in the mid-20th century, playing a vital role in addressing global food security challenges. While the contributions of crop breeding, mechanization, and agrochemical use to this movement are well-recognized, insects' complex and varied impact remains less explored. This paper highlights insects' diverse roles during this transformative period. Drawing on a range of scientific research, scholarly publications, and online scientific databases, this review examines insects' beneficial and detrimental influences on the Green Revolution. Pollinators like bees and butterflies supported crop fertilization, boosting yields and preserving genetic diversity. At the same time, pest insects pose serious threats to crop productivity, often resulting in considerable losses if uncontrolled. Developing and applying insecticides were pivotal in mitigating these risks and safeguarding crops against destructive pests. Insects also shaped the ecological balance within agricultural systems; predatory insects, like ladybugs and lacewings, naturally controlled pest populations, reducing dependency on synthetic insecticides. Decomposers, such as dung beetles, contributed to nutrient recycling and soil health, indirectly supporting crop growth. However, the Green Revolution’s reliance on high-yielding crop varieties and intensive farming practices unintendedly affected insect populations and biodiversity. The widespread adoption of monocultures and heavy pesticide use led to habitat loss and a decline in insect diversity, which may disrupt ecosystem services and affect long-term sustainability. Understanding the multifaceted role of insects in the Green Revolution is essential for guiding sustainable agricultural practices in the future.

Comparing the Yield of Various Wheat Varieties in the Climatic Conditions of Maidan Wardak Province

Abdul Basir Turabi — 2024-11-23

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple crop in Afghanistan that is vital to nutrition, food security, and farmer income. It is widely cultivated in different ecological regions in the country and is highly dependent on seasonal precipitation. Varieties with good agronomic performance help farmers earn more and improve their food security. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2022- 23 at the Agriculture Faculty Research Farm of Wardak University to compare the growth and yield of different wheat varieties in Wardak climatic conditions. The experiment comprised four different wheat crop varieties, V₁: Solh 0.18, V₂: Elham 0.15, V₃: Wahdat 0.15, and V₄: Diama 0, 17. Out of four varieties, Solh and Elham were winter wheat varieties, while the Daima and Wahdat were facultative wheat varieties. Three replicates of the experiment were set up in a randomized complete block design. Cultivation, irrigation, fertilization, weeding, and other fields were the same for all varieties. As a result, The V₃ and V₂ significantly increased plant height, number of tillers per m², number of spikes per m², number of spikelets per spike, number of grain per spike, number of grain per spikelet,1000 seed weight, and grain yield per ha, respectively, compared to the V₄. Considering the performances of varieties, it seems that V₃ and V₂have the potential to produce high-yield products in Maidan Wardak, Afghanistan.

Macroeconomic Impact of Foreign Remittances on Afghanistan's Agriculture Sector

Ayaz Khan Naseri — 2024-11-23

The study delved into the shock of foreign remittances to Afghanistan's agricultural industry, which accounts for 37% of the fiscal year's budget. It utilizes a computable general equilibrium model and social accounting matrix to evaluate the short-term macroeconomic responses of 2018 foreign remittance changes using GAMS software. The research explores eight scenarios based on percentage changes in foreign remittance, comparing Afghanistan's actual foreign remittance values to a baseline scenario. The results investigated a correlation between domestic production in agriculture sub-sectors and foreign remittance variables. Scenario H depicts swelling percentages for domestic production of cereals, fruits, vegetables, livestock, and opium, whereas scenario D illustrates declining percentages. Contracted remittances decline prices, while scenarios with enhanced remittances upsurge the purchasing power of agricultural products, particularly cereals. Dropping foreign remittances leads to lower labor and capital share in all agriculture sectors; however, soaring remittances boost agricultural purchasing power. Household consumption drops in all agricultural sectors except cereals due to a fall in foreign remittances. The study recommends that the government boost investment in the agriculture sector, use skilled immigrants as scientific capital, and encourage migrant investors to invest in sustainable agriculture to promote sustainable consumption.

Molecular Characteristics for Identification of Fusarium Oxysporum Associated with Tomato Infection

Aliyu Isa — 2024-11-23

This study aims to determine a suitable molecular identification technique for Fusarium oxysporum associated with tomato infections to enhance tomato production in developing countries. Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) is one of the most important vegetables worldwide and ranks as the sixth most popular vegetable, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). However, its cultivation is significantly affected by pathogens, including F. oxysporum. The most suitable medium for cultivating F. oxysporum was found to be Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Cell disruption using bead beating in a homogenizer yielded optimal results. EF-1α primers were identified as the most appropriate to detect Fusarium isolates within species complexes, as corroborated by various researchers. Intergenic spacer restriction fragment length polymorphism (IGS-RFLP) analysis was widely used to trace the origin of F. oxysporum by analyzing genetic similarities among isolates from different sources. Other methods, such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), allele-specific associated primer (ASAP), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis have also been applied. To mitigate fungal infections in tomatoes, this study recommends selecting disease-resistant tomato varieties, maintaining ideal growing conditions, adhering to stringent sanitation practices, ensuring source water is free of potential fungal pathogens, sterilizing tomato seeds, and using organic fungicides as needed.

Development Approaches of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Cultivars for Achieving Food Security in Afghanistan

Sayed Qadir Danishiar — 2024-11-23

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is considered a staple crop that provides most of our energy and nutritional needs while also making up most of our diet in Afghanistan. However, drought stress and climate change are the obstacles to producing enough wheat. High-yielding cultivars resistant to biological and non-biological stresses must be produced using various techniques, including genetic modification and selection. Afghanistan has recently experienced extreme weather variations, which have significantly impacted the evolution of diseases, pests, and the climate. Rapid genetic improvement is required for crop resistance to remain stable in challenging conditions. The major objective of this article is to review wheat breeding methods such as rapid breeding (RB), double haploid (DH), biotechnological improvement (BI), genomic selection (GS), and Genotype-phenotype interaction evaluation (G x E). The traditional development period, which is typically 10–12 years, can be shortened to less than 5 years by integrating the techniques above simultaneously. The precise information on breeding techniques appropriate for Afghanistan's climate and topography is the main focus of this research, and it will be crucial to the wheat breeding program.

The Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture in Afghanistan: A Review

Shermohammad Wafa — 2024-11-23

Climate change is a global threat to agriculture and agricultural products worldwide. Since the Green Revolution, greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere have increased rapidly, such as CO2, N2O, and CH4, which have caused global warming. Furthermore, due to global warming, the temperature has risen rapidly in most parts of the world in recent years. Agriculture in Afghanistan has been negatively affected by climate change factors in the last few decades. Such as drought, changes in the time and quantity of precipitation, and temperature caused losses in agricultural products. The impacts of climate change on Afghanistan's agriculture sector and agricultural products have not yet been widely investigated in previous literature. Thus, this review aims to describe the most vulnerable factors of climate change in Afghanistan. This review also focuses on adapting practices that reduce the negative effects of climate change on agriculture. The combination of all the information mentioned above may be useful to policymakers and governmental and nongovernmental organizations to state a reasonable plan to reduce the negative effects of climate change on agriculture and agriculture products that the plants face in the future under climate change conditions in Afghanistan.

The Obstacles Faced by Afghan Traders in Exporting Agricultural Products

Safiullah Jauhar — 2024-11-23

International trade, including the export of agricultural products, plays a significant role in a country's economy. However, exports can be exposed to several barriers and should be investigated to inform policy and decision-making. Thus, the study aimed to investigate Afghan traders' obstacles in exporting their agricultural products to foreign countries. Fifty-one Afghan international traders were identified through purposive and snowballing sampling techniques and asked through a pre-tested questionnaire. The results showed that all barriers were near to medium extent, except financial obstacles, with a score of more than medium extent. Financial barriers (3.28±0.71) were the most common, followed by logistic and transportation (2.87±0.92), market access and competition (2.85±0.72), individual (2.78±0.57), and organizational (2.76±0.67) barriers. These barriers were consistent across all traders based on their socio-demographics (P≥0.05). The study suggests that Afghan traders face various obstacles to exporting agricultural products, requiring prompt and relevant actions from governmental organizations, policymakers, donor agencies, and other relevant bodies.

Towards Self-Sufficient Agriculture in Afghanistan: A Review of Enhancements and Challenges

Shehu Garki Ado — 2024-11-23

Afghanistan's agricultural sector, a cornerstone of its economy, faces multifaceted challenges ranging from environmental issues to socio-economic constraints. Current challenges, including water scarcity, soil degradation, and socio-economic constraints, are scrutinized, while environmental and human factors are highlighted. The paper critically examines the trajectory of Afghanistan's crop sector. It sheds light on the intricate web of challenges and potential enhancements required for the nation to attain food self-sufficiency. The efforts and challenges associated with enhancing agriculture in Afghanistan towards self-sufficiency in food production have been analyzed. The pivotal role of improved technologies, innovation, and research in bolstering agricultural productivity was also examined. The potential of technological advancements from precision agriculture to resilient crop varieties is explored. The paper provides actionable insights for policymakers, stakeholders, and the international community to navigate Afghanistan towards sustainable food self-sufficiency. The influence of government policies, international aid, and community engagement in shaping the agricultural landscape has been evaluated. A holistic understanding of achieving sustainable agriculture in Afghanistan is proffered by examining the historical context, current status, and potential solutions. The review contributes to the ongoing discourse on transforming Afghanistan's agricultural sector for long-term resilience and food self-sufficiency by synthesizing historical trends, current challenges, and future strategies. A multi-pronged approach, integrating technology adoption, research initiatives, and community empowerment are advocated as recommendations.

Genetic Transformation of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum. L) Using Cry1Ac Gene to Impart Resistance Against Fruit Borer

Rizwan Rashid — 2024-11-23

Particle gun-mediated genetic transformation was used to produce transgenic plants of tomato (Solanumlycopersicum L.) resistant to fruit borer. Cotyledon and leaf explants from invitro tomato seedlings of variety ‘Punjab Upma’ with Cry1Ac gene construct (pGEM-4Z) were driven by Ubi promoter and NOS terminator, and GUS gene construct (pWRG 1515) were driven by CaMV 35S promoter and NOS terminator. The constructs were maintained as plasmids in E. coli strain JM109. These results signify the successful introduction of the Cry1Ac gene into tomato plants. Further PCR analysis for the Cry1Ac gene of three putative transgenic plants were performed, but no amplification was observed.

The Role of Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering in the Improvement of Medicinal Plants in Afghanistan

Rabia Ayoubi — 2024-11-23

Most pharmaceutical products are derived from plants, making plants an essential source for developing and discovering novel therapeutic compounds. The phytochemical components of medicinal plants (MPs), particularly the secondary metabolites (SMs), are linked to the pharmacological effects of MPs. The widespread interest in phytotherapy, consumer preference to use natural resources, the continuous exploitation of natural resources, the economic importance of MPs in the self-sufficiency of developing countries like Afghanistan, difficulties associated with the traditional breeding methods of MPs, and resulting insufficient plant yield have made wild MPs resources unable to meet the current requirements and led researchers to search for alternative solutions. The application of genetic engineering (GE) techniques and biotechnological tools, including combinatorial biosynthesis, CRISPR/Cas9-based systems, and genetically encoded biosensors to select, multiply, improve the bio-production, biodiversity preservation; conservation of the elite and rare genotypes of important MP species in extinction is considered a possible solution. Afghanistan is one of the main exporters of MPs due to its rich flora. Even though it’s uncommon in the country to apply modern biotechnology and GE procedures to improve MPs, they may still be considered promising methods. This paper reviewed the recent successes and developments in the previously/at present use of various biotechnological and GE approaches for the improvement of MPs in Afghanistan and also to identify the main challenges the country’s plant breeders and/or scientists may face during the use of these approaches to improve MPs shortly.

Determination of Anthocyanin Content in Saffron Petals of Herat Province

Nasir Ahmad Sahel — 2024-11-23

Saffron is a valuable product that is semi-resistant to drought and is used in various cases, including in the food industry as a flavoring agent and in the medical industry as a sedative, anti-depressant, and anti-heart disease. In Afghanistan, only saffron stigma is used, and thousands of tons of saffron petals are thrown away as waste. In contrast, saffron petals have a high amount of anthocyanin that can be used in the food industry instead of artificial colors, which, in addition to having a bright color, is not harmful and has anti-cancer and anti-virus properties. An experiment was conducted to determine the amount of anthocyanin content in saffron petals on 80 samples from Ghorian, Pashtoonzarghon, Gozarah, and Karokh districts in the autumn of 1397 using a spectrometric method in the Food Technology Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture, Herat University. The results of this study showed that the Gozarah District with (1691 mg / L) had the highest amount of anthocyanin in petals, and the lowest amount of anthocyanin (1469 mg / L) was recorded in saffron petals of the Ghorian District. The difference in the amount of anthocyanin among different regions depends on different environmental factors, such as agricultural operations and the type of saffron corn. The findings of the research showed that by extracting anthocyanin from saffron petals and using it in the food industry and medicine, not only the loss of this major and valuable part of the saffron flower is prevented, but it will help in the economic development of farmers and the country.

Evaluation of Wheat Genotypes for Slow Rusting Resistance to Stripe Rust (Puccinia Striiformis) in Afghanistan

Muhammad Rafi Bawari — 2024-11-23

Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) is the most common wheat rust disease in wheat-producing areas of Afghanistan. Durable resistance based on partial resistance is an important, eco-friendly, and effective way to manage stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis). The present study was conducted during 2019-20 and 2020-21 to reveal variability for field-based partial resistance to stripe rust among different varieties/genotypes at (ARIA) Research Farm, Bin-Hisar, Kabul. Partial resistance genotypes were evaluated through Final Rust Severity (FRS), Area under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC), Infection Rate (r), Coefficient of Infection (CI), and Relative Area under Disease Progress Curve (rAUDPC). Genotypes 22, 26, 27, 32, and 43, consistently resistant to stripe rust in both crop seasons, were the most promising. Likewise, the genotypes that showed MS type of reaction and their severity was not beyond the 40MS during both the crop seasons indicated slow rusting behavior were genotypes no 14, 16, 20, 21, 23, 34, and 39. The average infection rate and CDL values of stripe rust development in two crop seasons indicated promising highly resistant and slow rusting behavior of varieties/genotypes.

The Role of Endemic Medicinal Plants in The Self-Sufficiency of Afghanistan's Pharmaceutical Sector

Mohammad Nasim Sediqi — 2024-11-23

Afghanistan is a mountainous country bordered by arid lands with a unique climate that fosters rich biodiversity. According to current data, Afghanistan is home to approximately 5,000 species of flowering and vascular plants. Of these, 29% are endemic, around 700 species possess medicinal and aromatic properties, and 120 species are commonly used in traditional Afghan medicine. Some of these plants are cultivated, while others, found in the wild, hold potential for domestication. However, years of internal conflict have led to the illegal exploitation and export of these valuable natural resources. To promote sustainable economic growth and strengthen Afghanistan’s position within a globalized economy, it is essential to recognize these resources' actual and potential benefits, particularly medicinal plants (MPs). For a primarily agricultural country like Afghanistan, enhancing plant production offers an economic pathway for developing a viable platform for exports at an industrial level. This review highlights key endemic MPs of Afghanistan, underscoring their potential to advance the pharmaceutical sector. Investment in these plants' cultivation and mass production could support the country’s economic self-sufficiency. The main objectives of this study are to emphasize the role of endemic MPs in the growth of Afghanistan's pharmaceutical industry and to introduce significant MPs that, with proper cultivation and preservation, could bolster public health and economic stability by attracting attention from relevant officials.

Comparison of Yield and Identification of Effective Traits on Yield of Some Wheat Genotypes in Baghlan Province

Mahfoozullah Lateif — 2024-11-23

Wheat is Afghanistan's primary staple food crop, and improving its productivity is essential. Selecting high-yield varieties is a key approach to enhancing wheat production. This study aims to compare the average yields of 17 wheat genotypes cultivated in Baghlan province and identify traits that significantly impact yield. The experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2022-2023 at the research farm of the Agriculture Faculty of Baghlan University. The soil was sandy loam, and a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and 17 treatments was used. Fifteen traits of these genotypes were evaluated. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences in all characteristics (at the <1% significance level). Kabali, Lalmi 17, Chonta, and Wahdat demonstrated the highest yields among the varieties. Correlation coefficient analysis revealed that grain yield per m² had a significant positive correlation with traits such as the number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, spike weight, grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant, stem height, biological yield per m², and harvest index. In the regression analysis (stepwise method), the number of grains per spike, spikes per m², and 1000-grain weight remained in the final model (R² ≈ 0.86). Path analysis indicated that the number of grains per spike, spikes per m², 1000-grain weight, and days to flowering had the most substantial direct effects on grain yield. Cluster analysis classified the genotypes into three groups. Based on the results, the high-yielding varieties identified in this study are recommended for cultivation in Baghlan province and can be utilized in breeding programs. For future breeding efforts to develop high-yielding wheat varieties, the number of grains per spike, number of spikes per m², thousand-grain weight, and days to flowering should be prioritized as selection traits.

Farmyard Manure and Gypsum Effects on Soil pH and EC in a Semi-Arid Region of Kandahar, Afghanistan

Karamatullah Fazil — 2024-11-23

Soil alkalinity and salinity are the two main problems in Kandahar province, which cause poor crop growth and yield losses. FYM and gypsum can reduce soil alkalinity and salinity and gradually fix the mentioned problems. The application effects of these amendments have not been investigated before in this area. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in the old city of Kandahar province in 2023 to assess the impacts of FYM and gypsum on soil pH and EC in the common bean field. The study utilized a split-plot design, with three main plots varying FYM application rates (0, 5, and 10 t ha^-1) and three subplots representing different gypsum levels (0, 2, and 4 t ha^-1). Results indicated that soil pH and EC were significantly decreased with the increasing addition of FYM and gypsum at all crop growth stages. The significantly lowest pH and EC values were recorded at the harvest stage with the addition of 10-ton FYM and 4.0-ton gypsum per hectare. Except for soil EC at 30 DAS, other interaction effects between FYM and gypsum on soil pH and EC were significant at all crop growth stages. The best treatment was a combination of 10 t ha^-1 FYM and 4.0 t ha^-1 gypsum, followed by 5.0 t ha^-1 FYM and 4.0 t ha^-1 gypsum, where the lowest pH and EC values were recorded. However, these results were found from a year-long experiment conducted in the old city of Kandahar province and may be recommended.

Management of Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne Spp.) in Cucumber Under Protected Cultivation System

Hekmatullah Nimgarri — 2024-11-23

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a valued vegetable crop produced on a large scale throughout the year in a protected cultivation system. Its growth, development, and production are best in well-drained, fertile soil with 6.5 to 7.5 pH. Due to minor crop rotation and monoculture in protected structures, they are severely attacked by soil-borne pathogens. Between them, root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are the most intractable root endo-parasites that cause dramatic damage and severe crop yield losses. Environmental conditions of protected structures favor root-knot disease incidence and development. The non-availability of resistant crops, biological agents, and technology limitations are the key obstacles to their control. Therefore, agrochemicals are the only reliable method of root-knot disease management. In the present investigation, available nematicides (abamectin, metham sodium, fluopyram, and phorate 5G) were engaged in randomized block design with four replications at naturally infested farmer polyhouse (626.66 J2/ 200 cc soil) located at Mirwais Mina area of Kandahar city. Data on disease incidence, disease severity, soil nematode population, and fruit yield of cucumber were recorded 45 days after sowing the seed and at the termination of the field. All the data were statically analyzed using SPSS software (v.24.0.0). Among the treatments, metham sodium was found superior on plant and nematode parameters, followed by fluopyram. About 3.23 kg yield/plant loss was recorded caused by root-knot nematodes in protected cultivation systems. Based on findings, rotating fumigant and non-fumigant nematicides could be a reliable management method in a highly infested commercial protected structure.

Factors Affecting Degradation of Natural Rangelands in Bamyan Center: A Community-Based Investigation

Ghulam Hazrat Ghulami — 2024-11-23

Sustainable rangeland management requires the active participation of all stakeholders to develop comprehensive management strategies. However, the role of these players in sustainable natural resource management is poorly understood. This study aims to (i) investigate the factors contributing to the degradation of natural rangelands based on community knowledge perception and (ii) document valuable information to identify urgent needs for effective administration and strategic planning. The study conducted interviews with 150 beneficiaries, the majority of whom lived in long-term agrosilvopastoral systems. The target groups for this study were local farmers and experts’ groups, with 110 farmers and 40 governmental and non-governmental experts interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The findings revealed that the most significant priorities for anthropogenic degradation factors include converting natural rangeland to agricultural land, collecting and uprooting plants for fire fuel, animal feed, and medicine; farmers' financial poverty; lack of design and adjustment of grazing systems, lack of information about the importance of rangeland, shortage of technical personnel, lack of clarity in rangeland ownership, and overuse of plant cover. Additionally, drought years, deficient snowfall, and floods were identified as contributors to rangeland degradation. This study emphasizes the urgent need for specific data and community-based rangeland management through cooperation between Indigenous communities and improvements in their traditional institutions, which are vital for responsible rangeland management and the well-being of the people dependent on these resources. Also, it helps the policymakers to consider this prioritization for solving this problem.

Climate Smart Agriculture Opportunities and Challenges in Afghanistan

Beheshtah Koshani — 2024-11-23

Agriculture in dryland regions is directly affected by climate change. In Afghanistan, climate-smart agriculture (CSA) improves productivity resilience and reduces greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). However, climate change, water shortage, population growth, and food insecurity are major challenges in developing countries such as Afghanistan. In the face of climate change, traditional agriculture methods need to be transformed into CSA that are capable of improving food production within the constraints of climate change. A review study was conducted to identify opportunities and challenges for CSA in Afghanistan. Among the many CSA technologies in Afghanistan, the review found, the use of drought resistance varieties, implementation of conservation agriculture, the use of Zai and Half-moon techniques for planting pits, moisture conservation, rainwater harvesting, watershed management, drip irrigation system, soil carbon sequestration, control erosion techniques, and climate forecast services are the best opportunities and as promising options for risk management and adaptation to climate change. Still, unfortunately, most of these options have not yet been implemented by Afghan farmers, just followed by researchers. In addition, CSA in Afghanistan faces several solvable challenges. Limited understanding of the CSA concept and framework, limited investment to develop and implement CSA technologies, inadequate communication between government, policymakers, farmers, climate change impacts, GHG, and traditional agriculture. The review recommended that CSA practices be suitable options for all stakeholders to increase income and ensure food security and sustainable agriculture by adaptation practices against climate change. This review provides new strategies and ideas for strengthening sustainable agriculture, food security, environmental protection, and mitigating the impact of climate change.

Aloe vera gel and Starch Coatings on Organoleptic and Shelf Life of Strawberry Fruits (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)

Basir Ahmad Rahimi — 2024-11-23

Strawberry fruit is highly perishable and spoils rapidly due to contamination by pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms, causing serious reduction in quality. We studied two treatments on shelf-life: 1) Aloe vera gel (AV)-based edible coatings in combination with ascorbic acid (AA) and 2) cassava starch (CS) with potassium sorbate (PS). Strawberries were coated with AV (15 and 25% v/v) + AA (3% w/v) and CS (2 and 3% w/v) + PS (0.1%), while uncoated fruit served as a control. After treatment, fruit weight loss, firmness loss, TSS, titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid content, total anthocyanin, and total microbial count were evaluated at 0, 1, and 3 days of storage (under room temperature) and 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days of storage (9 ± 1°C, 70 to 80% RH). Compared to uncoated strawberries, all coating treatments significantly (P < 0.01) reduced weight loss, firmness loss, and total bacteria, yeast, and mold. Coated strawberries also had significantly (P < 0.01) higher TSS and ascorbic acid. The treatment with 25% Aloe vera gel was most effective (P < 0.01), resulting in better retention of ascorbic acid and TSS, besides reduced microbial load. The edible coatings were found to reduce postharvest spoilage in strawberry fruits.

Invitro Propagation of Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) Cv. Wonderful Cultivar

Azizullah Besharat — 2024-11-23

The conventional method of propagation of pomegranate is time-consuming and tiresome. It does not ensure disease-free and healthy plants. The Present investigation aimed to optimize the conditions of culture medium, shoot proliferation, and rooting for mass production of pomegranate trees (Punica granatum L.) cv. ʻWonderful Cultivarʼ. For sterilization of axillary bud explants and shoot apexes of wonderful pomegranate treatment involving HgCl2 (0.1 %) for 3 min gave better sterilization. An efficient in vitro propagation for wonderful pomegranate using shoot tip and axillary bud explants is described. The best media for the establishment was observed on DKW medium for the first three weeks. After that, explants were subcultured on a WPM medium for proliferation and elongation. ½MS and full MS were used for rooting. The maximum number of shoots (3.9) per explant and shoot length (1.5 to 2.95 cm) were obtained on WPM medium supplemented with 0.8 mg/l B A P + 0.01 mg/L IBA in the medium. The highest rooting number was recorded on ½MS medium containing IBA 1mg/l—(1.4) roots per explant. A significantly higher number of shoots (2.5) and maximum length (2.95cm) of the shoot were recorded in 3 percent sucrose, (3000 lux) light intensity, and pH 5.8. Rooted plantlets were adopted and transferred to the soil successfully.

Performance of Agriculture Export Commodities from Afghanistan to World

Ayaz Khan Naseri — 2024-11-23

This study delves into the symmetric comparative advantage of agricultural products in Afghanistan using the Balassa index from 2011 to 2021 and Cuddy-Della Valle's formula to measure instability in time series data from 2008 to 2022. The study focuses on eight agricultural product groups, with cereals, dairy products, and tobacco having a negative comparative advantage. However, the study finds that Afghanistan can focus on producing fruits, pulses, nuts, and textiles due to their positive symmetric comparative advantage over time. The study also finds that India, Iran, and other countries have a higher instability index than Pakistan in terms of agricultural export commodities from Afghanistan. The findings suggest that Afghanistan should accelerate export promotion policies, increase participation in regional trade, and improve product quality to be competitive in regional and international markets. Additionally, there is high instability in agricultural exports to India, Iran, and other countries, urging Afghanistan to take steps for smoother agricultural exports to improve its economic position.

The Role of Livestock Resources in Sustainable Food Security and Livelihoods in Afghanistan

Ahmadullah Zahir — 2024-11-23

The agri-food sector is pressured to produce more livestock products with fewer resources due to global drivers like rapid population growth and challenging climate changes. Food insecurity can lead to hunger, malnutrition, and famine over time. Recently, half of Afghanistan’s population has been food insecure due to COVID-19 and climate change, as highlighted by current food price shocks. One of the factors contributing to food insecurity is the decline of livestock production for many reasons. Meanwhile, by 2050, we will need to produce 50-70% more food to feed an additional 2 billion people, and the demand for animal-source foods (ASFs) will double. Ruminant livestock are crucial for food security by converting non-edible products into nutritious food. Still, they pose a challenge to sustainability due to resource-intensive practices and greenhouse gas emissions. In Afghanistan, empowering livestock farmers to build capacity for sustainable food security and implementing region-specific strategies for sustainable livestock production and consumption is crucial. However, creating and developing an efficient whole value chain system can help maximize dairy production and improve nutritional security in Afghanistan. Nonetheless, a single player cannot achieve livestock-based food security in Afghanistan. All stakeholders need to collaborate and recognize the significance of livestock in ensuring food security. This paper reviewed the role of livestock resources and the required percentage of ASF in human diets for sustainable nutritional security and resulting productive livelihoods in Afghanistan.

Trend and Instability Analysis of Milk Production and Consumption in the South Asia Region

Abdul Wahid Sultani — 2024-11-23

This study examined the trend and variability in milk production and consumption in different countries of the South Asian region from the year 2000 to the year 2017. An exponential growth function was fitted to estimate compound annual growth rates (CAGR) in milk production and consumption. Cuddy-Della Valle indices were constructed to examine the extent of instability. The study reveals that the growth rate of milk consumption in Afghanistan and Nepal was higher than that of milk production, indicating an increasing trend of net imports in these countries. In Bhutan, milk growth (CAGR) was negative for both production (-0.69 percent) and consumption (-0.67 percent), indicating a weak performance in the livestock sector during the study period. However, in this South Asian region, the positive CAGR in milk production varied from 1.38 percent in Iran to 5.20 percent in Sri Lanka, with total consumption growing at almost the same rate as production in these two countries. In the South Asian region, all countries showed low milk production and consumption variability, except Sri Lanka, where medium instability was observed in both milk production and consumption during this period. In Afghanistan, milk production grew at an annual compound rate of 1.86 percent, slightly less than milk consumption, which grew by 2 percent compound annual growth rate.

Impact of Urbanization on the Standard of Living of Farmers in Injil District of Herat Province

Abdul Sattar Fazely — 2024-11-23

This research was conducted to study the Impact of urbanization on farmers' living standards in the Injil district of Herat province of Afghanistan in 2019. Based on the research requirements, four villages within the radius of five kilometers of districts’ centers as villages with high urban influence and four villages outside the five kilometers of districts’ centers as villages with low urban influence have been selected. Ten farmers (a total of 80 farmers) were randomly selected from each town. An ex post facto research design was applied to this research. Pre-prepared questionnaires were distributed to the respondents, collected data were analyzed statistically, and the findings showed that forty percent of the farmers in the villages with high urban influence had high living standards. 30% and 20% of farmers in villages with high and low urban influence have taken up non-agricultural activities and turned to business. 95% of the farmers mentioned high production costs as the main reason for changing jobs to non-agricultural activities. This was followed by other reasons, such as the non-existence of a special market for agricultural products (90.00%). Ninety percent of the farmers continued their agricultural activities due to financial constraints, and 76.25% did not know about other jobs.

Agriculture in Afghanistan: A Journey from Livelihood to Development

Mohammad Shafi Sharifi — 2024-11-23

Agriculture is vital to Afghanistan’s economy and the livelihoods of its people, particularly in rural areas. This study examines Afghanistan’s agricultural journey, focusing on how sustainable practices can transform it from subsistence to a thriving industry. Using case studies from the UK, Mexico, India, and the Philippines, we explore the successful strategies of the Green Revolution—mechanization, high-yield seeds, and chemical fertilizers—that bolstered food security and economic stability. Afghanistan faces unique challenges, including rapid population growth, prolonged droughts, and high food costs, necessitating tailored sustainable practices. Our findings reveal critical areas for intervention, such as improved water management, mechanized equipment, and research collaboration, to ensure long-term agricultural sustainability. By implementing these recommendations, Afghanistan can overcome obstacles and promote a resilient agricultural sector that meets food demand and enhances economic prosperity.

Investigating Contemporary Irrigation Solutions Promoting Agricultural Self-Reliance in Afghanistan

Abdul Qayoum Karim — 2024-11-23

The presence of moisture and water around the roots is responsible for the plant development and fertility. Without sufficient water availability, water needs to be supplied to plants effectively to make sure plants receive water according to the crop water requirement. This requires that different irrigation methods be used in consideration of soil types and other effective factors to reach the abundance of crops. The farm, concerning the soil, the topography of the area, and water resources, requires different irrigation methods that have been proposed and introduced worldwide and are not yet well common in Afghanistan. Knowing these irrigation methods enables farmers to apply them to increase crop fertility by considering the resources and characteristics of their farms. In this case study, modern irrigation methods are introduced and discussed along with their advantages and disadvantages to understand how effective these methods are in increasing crop fertility without wastage of water to help in agriculture and food self-sufficiency in the country. In this mixed-method study, the data is collected using a Google Form questionnaire focusing on finding the level of familiarity of the farmers and other stakeholders in the country with these methods, their evaluation of using these irrigation methods, the challenges they are facing using them, and their expectations from the government and their recommendations for the future. The findings are encouraging and useful.

In-ovo Delivery of Lipopolysaccharide Induces Protective Antiviral Responses Against Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Encountered Post-Hatch

Mohamed Sarjoon — 2024-11-23

Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is an avian respiratory virus that causes significant economic losses to the worldwide poultry industry. To address the limitations of current control measures against ILTV infections, it is crucial to develop novel measures that can complement or replace the existing control measures. The in-depth understanding of toll-like receptor (TLR)ligand interaction and activation mechanisms has facilitated the development of more specific synthetic ligands with therapeutic potentials capable of enhancing host immune responses against various infections. As a key ligand for activating the TLR4 signaling pathway, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers immune responses against numerous pathogens. Previous research has demonstrated that the intramuscular injection of LPS in chickens can induce antiviral responses against low pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV) infections. This study evaluated the potential of in-ovo delivery of LPS to stimulate innate antiviral responses against ILTV infection in post-hatch chickens. The results showed that in-ovo delivery of LPS at embryo day (ED)-18 significantly reduced mortality, clinical symptoms, and virus excretion in chickens infected with ILTV at day 1 post-hatch, which was associated with the expansion of the macrophage population in the lungs. This study provides a detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying the antiviral responses elicited against ILTV infection following in-ovo delivery of LPS in chickens.

Effect of Crud and Processed Canola Seed in the Finisher Diet on the Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens

Najeebullah Fayaz — 2024-11-23

This study investigated the effect of different levels of crude and processed canola seeds in the finisher's diet on broiler chickens' growth performance and meat quality traits. A total of 1056 Ross-308 broiler chickens, comprising both sexes, were used in a completely randomized design with 16 treatments. Each treatment had 6 replicates, and each replicate consisted of 11 birds. Treatment 1 involved a basal diet adjusted with corn-soybean meal, while treatments 2-16 involved the replacement of three types of canola seeds (crude, micronized, and super-conditioned) at five levels (3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15%). The growth performance of broiler chickens was not affected by the crude and processed canola seeds added to the finisher diet in the experimental treatments (p>0.05). Additionally, at the end of the experimental period (42 days), the effect of the experimental treatments on measuring the quality indices of breast and thigh meat was examined. The results showed that the drip loss of breast and thigh meat was influenced significantly by the processing of canola seed (p<0.01). Furthermore, the main effects of super-conditioned and crude canola seed processing in the diet had a significant impact on the decrease in breast and thigh meat quality, with super-conditioning having the most significant effect and crude having the least effect, and there were no significant interactions between them on other quality measurement indices (p<0.01). Based on the results obtained from this experiment, canola seed processing using the super-conditioning method was more effective in drip loss compared to the micronized method.

Constraints of Livestock Sector Development and Low Economic Contribution to The Economy of Afghanistan

Mohammad Naeem Azizi — 2024-11-23

This manuscript explores issues related to constraints of livestock sector development and low economic contribution to the economy of Afghanistan. Livestock is a fundamental part of agriculture with the contribution of live animals and their products. In Afghanistan, most of the country's poor people are living in rural areas that are primarily dependent on this sector. Meanwhile, food costs, in general, and livestock product prices determine the cost of living for the urban poor. The agriculture and livestock sector employs about 80% of the population in Afghanistan; therefore, the income per capita must be strongly influenced by the income levels of this sector. Animals are a source of human diets, income, and employment. Considering the large livestock population of Afghanistan, its contribution to the country's economy is still low. In contrast, the country has no clear, applicable policies and strategies for livestock development. The traditional methods of livestock management and production, poor feeding, minor health care, poor breeds, lack of suitable institutions and technologies, poor services and low capital investment in humans, and lack of development policies are becoming major factors in the poor performance of the livestock sector in Afghanistan. Despite some improvements in the livestock sector in recent years, the sector remains regressive. Thus, continuous assurance is needed to reduce the limitations and increase the sector's economic contribution. Afghanistan's development depends on rural residents’ financial self-sufficiency and high income.

Implementing a Sustainable Green Revolution Strategy for Comprehensive Economic Development in Afghanistan

Safiullah Jauhar — 2024-11-23

Implementing the Sustainable Green Revolution Strategy in Afghanistan is thoroughly examined in this paper, with a focus on how it might boost food security and promote economic growth. The fact that agriculture employs 61.6% of the workforce and accounts for roughly 23% of the country's GDP highlights the importance of this sector to Afghanistan's economy. To ensure greater output while protecting biodiversity, the study presents the idea of "Green Revolution 2.0," which aims to modify past agricultural advances to Afghanistan's particular socioeconomic and environmental challenges. Important prospects for agricultural development are noted, such as various climates, foreign assistance, and the involvement of young people. The paper also discusses urgent issues like poor infrastructure, budgetary limitations, and how climate change affects agricultural productivity. A successful implementation approach is suggested, emphasizing education, climate-smart agriculture, credit availability, and infrastructure development. A Gantt chart, which involves stakeholders including the Afghan government, non-governmental organizations, and foreign organizations, provides an organized schedule for the actions required to carry out the strategy successfully. The results highlight the significance of strengthening community involvement, encouraging sustainable farming methods, and creating a supporting governance structure. In the end, this paper promotes a multifaceted strategy for agricultural development that seeks to enhance rural Afghanistan's general quality of life in addition to productivity, opening the door for long-term resilience and economic stability.

Drones in Agriculture: Real-World Applications and Impactful Case Studies

Hassan Mahasneh — 2024-11-23

Uncrewed aircraft, commonly known as drones, are deployed manually by a ground-based pilot through remote control or autonomously through pre-programmed flight sequences. This paper explores the multifaceted applications of drone technology within agriculture. The scope of this technology extends to various crucial facets, including managing water resources in agricultural systems, detecting water stress, identifying diseases and pests, estimating crop yield and maturity, detecting weed flora, workforce monitoring, livestock maintenance, and logistical concerns. Integrating drone technology in agriculture yields notable benefits, enhancing operational efficiency, task precision, and cost-effectiveness by reducing inputs such as land, water, seeds, agro-chemicals, and manual labor.